A gemstone is simply a material that is used for ornamentation in jewelry. Thus a pearl is certainly a gemstone.
However, pearl differs from most gems in that it is not a mineral, but a product of organic processes (it grew in an oyster). Such organic gems are sometimes termed "mineraloids."
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a defined chemical composition and an orderly atomic structure.
Materials such as glass lack the orderly structure, and thus are not minerals.
Minerals can also be man-made. These are termed synthetic minerals. An example is synthetic diamond or synthetic ruby.
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